Hi Dijker,
interesting tests, was wondering about this myself as well.
I’m running a domoticz/node-red/mosquitto server on ubuntu along with my Homey here at home. These are connected via mqtt (client app on Homey) and what I noticed is that this connection is lost as soon as the internet connection is lost.
My Homey and mqtt broker are both running on my local lan network and I would assume that this would keep running even without internet connection, but somehow it does not.